Based on the work of sociologist Sammy Smooha, particularly regarding conflict regulation in deeply divided societies, here are the key concepts. Smooha’s framework focuses on how societies with sharp, persistent ethnic, religious, or national divisions maintain stability and avoid constant violent conflict. Key Concepts from Smooha
Modes of Conflict Regulation: Smooha argues that deeply divided societies have a variety of ways to manage conflicts, including partition, violence, domination, and accommodation. These are not inevitable, but rather choices that determine whether a society is stable or volatile.
Ethnic Democracy: A core concept developed by Smooha, this refers to a system that combines democratic institutions (e.g., voting rights for all) with a structure that privileges a particular ethnic group. It is a form of conflict regulation that allows for formal political participation while maintaining inequality.
Resilient Coexistence: This concept refers to a state of being where communities that are deeply divided continue to live together, even amidst conflict and grievances. Even when there are temporary deviations or periods of conflict, the groups often return to a state of coexistence.
Playing by the Rules vs. Resistance: Smooha analyzes how minority groups choose between violent resistance and abiding by the state’s rules, even when discriminated against. “Playing by the rules” involves engaging in legal struggle within democratic frameworks rather than resorting to violence.
The “Us” vs. “Them” Boundary: In divided societies, the majority often perceives the minority as outside the core identity of the nation-state, which fuels the division. This boundary is not always rigid but is often constructed through political power dynamics. Key Takeaways
Conflict is Not Inevitable: While divisions are deep, violent conflict is not the only outcome. Stability can be achieved through various, often imperfect, methods of accommodation or management.
Dynamic Nature of Coexistence: Coexistence is not static; it is constantly being negotiated and can strengthen even after periods of tension.
Accommodation as a Goal: While societies may start with domination, the goal for long-term stability is to move toward greater accommodation between groups.